Avoiding Dehydration & Malnutrition in Older Adults:
Simple Swaps for Energy
When considering health risks facing the elderly, not getting enough food and water may not be at the top of your list. But dehydration and malnutrition are unfortunately quite common in older Americans. In the U.S., about one in four adults ages 65 and older are malnourished or at risk for malnutrition. That same population also has the highest hospital admission rates for dehydration. Why should a group of people with access to food and water suffer so disproportionately from these issues? And how can you make sure the elderly friend or loved one in your care avoids malnutrition, dehydration and their associated risks?
In this article, we explain:
- Why are Older Adults More Susceptible to Dehydration and Malnutrition?
- What are The Symptoms of Dehydration & Malnutrition in Older Adults?
- Simple Swaps to Avoid Dehydration & Malnutrition and Stay Healthy
Why are Older Adults More Susceptible to Dehydration and Malnutrition?
“While it is vitally important for everyone to get enough to drink, older adults are particularly at risk for dehydration,” explain the experts at the University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Center. “One of the biggest risk factors is that there are fewer ‘water reserves’ as we age because the amount of water in our bodies decreases with age.” Similarly, age-related changes like altered or diminished sense of taste can lead to malnutrition.
Older adults also get sick more often which can lead to lower appetite and in turn cause malnutrition. As the National Institutes of Health point out, “in developed countries, the most cited cause of malnutrition is disease, as both acute and chronic disorders have the potential to result in or aggravate malnutrition. Therefore, as higher age is one risk factor for developing disease, older adults have the highest risk of… becoming malnourished”
Other reasons for increased susceptibility include:
- Medications: Certain drugs, such as diuretics and some blood pressure medications, can increase urination and lead to fluid loss. Many medications also have a side effect of reduced appetite.
- Chronic illnesses: Conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, and atrial fibrillation can increase the risk of dehydration,
- Physical limitations: Difficulty with mobility, chewing swallowing, or the strength and dexterity to hold a cup or utensils can make it hard to drink enough fluids, or to prepare and eat appealing foods.
- Cognitive impairment: Memory issues or confusion can cause seniors to simply forget to eat or drink.
- Acute illness: Fever, vomiting, and diarrhea can quickly lead to dehydration, especially during hot weather or illness. While many illnesses also lead to loss of appetite.
- Depression and Isolation: Many seniors face a lack of motivation to cook once a spouse passes away. They may also lack the independence to go shopping on their own.
- Financial hardship: Malnutrition may not present just through limited calorie intake, it can also indicate a lack of vital nutrients. And nutrient-rich foods like fresh produce are often more expensive than their over-processed alternatives. In other words, malnutrition may not be a matter of how much food someone is eating so much as what types of food they can afford.
What are The Symptoms of Dehydration & Malnutrition in Older Adults?
Dehydration is sneaky. Many older adults cut back on fluids to avoid bathroom trips, but low hydration contributes to dizziness, constipation, urinary tract infections, and confusion.
Early and mild signs of dehydration
Keep your eyes open for these early warning signs to stop dehydration before it becomes dangerous.
- Dry mouth or sticky saliva
- Fatigue or weakness
- Dark-colored urine and less frequent urination
- Headaches
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Muscle cramps
Severe symptoms of dehydration
If you see these symptoms, dehydration has reached life-threatening levels. Seek immediate medical care, as intravenous fluids may be necessary.
- Confusion or disorientation
- Rapid heart rate
- Lack of urination
- Dry and wrinkled skin that doesn’t bounce back when pinched
- Sunken eyes
- Difficulty moving or walking
Symptoms of malnutrition
While unplanned weight loss is a common warning sign of malnutrition, there are other important red flags to look out for:
- Muscle weakness
- Feeling tired
- Irritability or depression
- Having less of an appetite
- Dental problems
- Easy bruising
- Frequent illness or infection
Simple Swaps to Avoid Dehydration & Malnutrition and Stay Healthy
“If you care for an older adult, remind them to drink throughout the day, particularly at mealtimes and after they exercise or exert themselves. Limited mobility makes it harder to get something to drink, leaving them at higher risk for dehydration. Keep water in easy reach, especially if they have low mobility. Additionally, help them access the restroom easier if they are afraid to drink because of possible accidents.” C is a senior care provider and medical director of senior care at University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Group University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Center.
Hydrate throughout the day:
“If you care for an older adult, remind them to drink throughout the day, particularly at mealtimes and after they exercise or exert themselves.” suggests Dr. Mohit Negi, medical director of senior care at University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Center. Offer water in small, frequent sips and set reminders so you both remember to prioritize hydration throughout the day.
Offer alternatives:
Add lemon, cucumber, or a splash of juice for flavor. Broths, fruits, and herbal teas count toward fluid goals, too so incorporate water-rich foods like watermelon, cucumbers, and strawberries into the diet. Try other hydrating drinks like milk, juice, or smoothies.
Make fluids accessible and encourage fluid intake:
Remind the person to drink water, juices, or broths throughout the day, especially during meals and after physical activity. Keep water bottles or cups within easy reach. “Limited mobility makes it harder to get something to drink, leaving them at higher risk for dehydration. Keep water in easy reach, especially if they have low mobility,” notes Dr. Negi.
Prioritize protein and fiber:
Include a protein source at each meal (eggs, beans, yogurt, fish, tofu, chicken) to support muscles and healing. Add fiber with oats, berries, leafy greens, and whole grains to support digestion and steady energy. If appetite is low, try smaller, more frequent meals and keep ready-to-eat options visible: cut fruit, cheese sticks, whole-grain crackers, or hummus.
Plan once, eat twice:
Cook extra grains or soup and portion leftovers into containers for quick lunches. Frozen fruits and vegetables are budget-friendly, nutritious, and reduce prep time. Flavor with herbs, garlic, vinegar, and citrus to cut back on salt without sacrificing taste.
Support dignity and joy at the table and beyond:
Use adaptive utensils if needed, reduce distractions, and make meals relaxed and social when possible. Food is fuel—but it’s also comfort and connection. Small, thoughtful swaps add up to better days. Enable the person in your care to feel free to drink when thirsty by helping them access the restroom so fear of accidents won’t be a deterrent.
Do you care for an elderly loved one or family member at home? Mass Care Link can help you get the support and financial assistance you need. Contact us today to see if you qualify.